Showing results for "CT"
Liver trauma is a common and potentially life-threatening condition in blunt abdominal trauma, often requiring prompt imaging evaluation and management. CT is the primary modality for diagnosis, with high sensitivity and specificity.
Overview Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. It is broadly categorized into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for approximately 85% of cases, ...
## Overview Acute appendicitis is the most common cause of acute abdominal pain requiring surgical intervention worldwide. It is characterized by the acute inf...
## Overview Multifocal focal fatty sparing (FFS) refers to localized areas within a liver affected by diffuse steatosis (fatty liver) that do not accumulate fa...
## Overview Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) is a complex congenital skeletal disorder characterized by the failure of normal segmentation of the cervical vertebrae...
Overview Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is a progressive, multisystemic neurogenetic disorder caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). ...
Crohn disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder primarily affecting the terminal ileum and proximal colon, characterized by transmural inflammation, skip lesions, and complications such as strictures, fistulas, and abscesses. Extraintestinal manifestations are common.
## Overview Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy or "broken heart syndrome," is a clinical syndrome characterized by transient...
Acute appendicitis is a common cause of emergency abdominal surgery, characterized by inflammation of the vermiform appendix. CT and ultrasound are the primary imaging modalities used for diagnosis and identifying complications like perforation or abscess. / Viêm ruột thừa cấp là nguyên nhân phổ biến gây phẫu thuật bụng cấp cứu, đặc trưng bởi tình trạng viêm của ruột thừa. CT và siêu âm là các phương tiện chẩn đoán hình ảnh chính được sử dụng để chẩn đoán và xác định các biến chứng như thủng hoặc áp xe.
## **1. Tổng quan và Mục tiêu** Siêu âm quý 1 không còn đơn thuần là xác định sự sống của thai. Với sự tiến bộ của đầu dò tần số cao (đặc biệt là đầu dò âm đạo...
Meningioma là khối u nguyên phát phổ biến nhất ngoài não, thường lành tính nhưng có thể tiến triển thành dạng bất thường hoặc ác tính, gây nén và xâm lấn cấu trúc não.
Overview Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is defined as the implantation of a fertilized ovum outside the functional layer of the endometrial cavity. It remains a significant cause of maternal morbidity and is ...
Myocarditis: A Comprehensive Medical Overview Overview Myocarditis is defined as an inflammatory disease of the myocardium. It presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mi...
Kawasaki disease is a medium and small vessel vasculitis primarily affecting young children, with a predilection for coronary arteries. It is the most common pediatric vasculitis worldwide and can lead to coronary artery aneurysms if untreated.
## Overview Septal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a primary myocardial disorder characterized by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), most com...
Dị tật tim bẩm sinh (congenital heart disease - CHD) là loại dị tật cơ quan phổ biến nhất với tỷ lệ khoảng 8–12 trên 1.000 trẻ sinh sống. Việc phát hiện sớm đón...
Trong kỷ nguyên mới của chẩn đoán hình ảnh tim mạch, việc đánh giá bệnh động mạch vành qua CT (CCTA) đã tiến xa hơn việc chỉ ước tính phần trăm hẹp lòng mạch bằ...
Hội chứng nang đôi ruột trước là khuyết tật bẩm sinh hiếm gặp, có thể xuất hiện ở thực quản, dạ dày hoặc tá tràng, gây triệu chứng tùy vị trí.
**Lung-RADS** (Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System) là một công cụ quản lý chất lượng được Hiệp hội Điện quang Hoa Kỳ (ACR) phát triển để chuẩn hóa việc...
Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumor arising from the biliary tree, classified into intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal types. It typically presents with painless jaundice and has a poor prognosis due to late diagnosis and limited resectability.
## Overview CHARGE syndrome is a complex genetic disorder characterized by a non-random pattern of congenital anomalies. The acronym CHARGE stands for Coloboma...
Intracardiac thrombi are blood clots within the heart chambers that can lead to severe embolic complications, commonly diagnosed using echocardiography, CT, or MRI.
Shoulder dislocation is the separation of the humerus from the glenoid fossa, most commonly occurring anteriorly due to trauma. It is the most frequent large joint dislocation and requires prompt reduction and immobilization.
Fetal neuroblastoma is a congenital tumor arising in utero, most commonly from the adrenal glands, typically diagnosed in the third trimester with excellent prognosis due to spontaneous regression.
Ung thư hạch lympho trung tâm thần kinh nguyên phát (PCNSL) là dạng lymphoma B tế bào lớn hiếm nhưng rất xâm lấn, thường xuất hiện ở chất trắng periventricular và có thể bắt chước nhiều bệnh não.
A cerebral abscess is a life-threatening focal infection in the brain parenchyma, typically presenting as a ring-enhancing lesion with central restricted diffusion on MRI. Prompt diagnosis using advanced imaging is critical for timely intervention and improved outcomes.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder characterized by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy, and is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young individuals. Diagnosis is primarily made via echocardiography or cardiac MRI.
## Overview Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver. A hallmark of HCC is its high propensity for macrovascular invas...
**1. Key Findings (Các dấu hiệu hình ảnh chính)** Vai trò của chẩn đoán hình ảnh không chỉ dừng lại ở việc phát hiện u mà còn phải cung cấp "bản đồ mạch máu" (...
Overview Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium, the muscular layer of the heart wall. This inflammation can lead to myocardial injury, ventricular dysfunction, and potentially life-...
## Overview Aortic dissection is a life-threatening cardiovascular emergency characterized by the longitudinal cleavage of the aortic media by a column of bloo...
Ung thư biểu mô tế bào gan (HCC) là loại ung thư gan nguyên phát phổ biến nhất, thường xuất hiện trên nền bệnh gan mạn như xơ gan, viêm gan B, C hoặc NASH.
Overview Acute cerebellitis is an inflammatory condition of the cerebellum characterized by immune-mediated or direct infectious injury, typically occurring in a parainfectious, postinfectious, or pos...
Overview Constrictive pericarditis (CP) is a clinical syndrome caused by a loss of pericardial elasticity, leading to impaired diastolic filling of the heart. It is the result of a chronic inflammator...
Mesenteric Infarction: A Comprehensive Medical Overview Overview Mesenteric infarction represents the end-stage of mesenteric ischemia, characterized by irreversible injury and necrosis of the bowel w...
U mỡ màng phổi, hay còn gọi là **Lipoma (U mỡ)** tại vị trí **màng phổi (pleura)**, là một khối u mô mềm lành tính hiếm gặp, phát sinh từ mô mỡ trưởng thành nằm...
Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign, regenerative liver lesion, second only to hepatic hemangioma in prevalence. It is typically asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally on imaging, with characteristic radiological features that aid in non-invasive diagnosis.
## Overview Meckel's diverticulum is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract, resulting from the incomplete obliteration of the omphal...
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammatory plaques disseminated in space and time.
Cardiac myxomas are the most common primary benign cardiac tumors in adults, typically arising from the interatrial septum in the left atrium and presenting with a triad of obstructive, embolic, and constitutional symptoms.
Pneumonia is a common and potentially life-threatening infection of the lung parenchyma, classified by etiology, pathogen, clinical setting, and radiographic appearance. It remains a leading cause of death worldwide, especially among children and during pandemics such as COVID-19.
Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas that can be life-threatening, classified into interstitial edematous and necrotizing types. Diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms, elevated pancreatic enzymes, and characteristic imaging findings.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a minimally invasive procedure for treating symptomatic aortic stenosis, utilizing CT and ultrasound for precise pre-operative planning and valve sizing.
Distal clavicle osteolysis is a painful condition characterized by inflammation and resorption of the distal clavicle, often seen in athletes. / Tiêu đầu ngoài xương đòn là một tình trạng đau đớn đặc trưng bởi phản ứng viêm và tiêu xương ở đầu ngoài xương đòn, thường gặp ở các vận động viên.
**1. Tổng quan và mục tiêu** Hệ thống CAD-RADS được phát triển để chuẩn hóa báo cáo CCTA, cải thiện giao tiếp giữa các bác sĩ và hướng dẫn đưa ra quyết định đi...
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious airborne infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often asymptomatic in children but capable of reactivation later in life, leading to cavitary lung disease and potential dissemination to the brain and other organs.
Pituitary lymphoma is an extremely rare malignancy that can be primary or secondary, typically appearing as a solid mass with low T2 signal and vivid enhancement on MRI.
1. Introduction Cardiac tumors represent a diverse group of neoplastic growths that can be primary (originating within the heart) or secondary (metastatic). While primary cardiac tumors are rare, with...
## Overview Cardiac angiosarcoma is a rare, highly aggressive primary malignant tumor of the heart originating from vascular endothelial cells. It is the most ...
Pulmonary mucormycosis is a rare, opportunistic fungal infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales, primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals and often clinically indistinguishable from invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Overview Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) represents a spectrum of congenital cardiac malformations characterized by the severe underdevelopment of the left-sided heart structures. These structu...
Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological condition characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue, presenting as superficial peritoneal disease, ovarian endometriomas, or deep infiltrating endometriosis. It is commonly associated with adenomyosis and can involve multiple pelvic and extrapelvic sites, with variable clinical manifestations including pelvic pain and infertility.
Methanol Poisoning: Clinical Manifestations and Treatment Approaches Overview Methanol (methyl alcohol or wood alcohol) intoxication is a significant global health issue characterized by high mortalit...
The banana sign refers to the characteristic shape of the cerebellum in fetuses with Chiari 2 malformation or spina bifida due to posterior fossa crowding.
Overview Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by diffuse, continuous mucosal inflammation of the colon. Unlike Crohn’s disease, which can aff...
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in elderly men, causing bladder outlet obstruction due to nodular hyperplasia of the prostate's transition zone.
Von Hippel-Lindau (vHL) disease is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of multiple benign and malignant tumors in various organs, particularly hemangioblastomas, renal cell carcinomas, and pheochromocytomas. Early diagnosis and surveillance are critical due to high penetrance and risk of severe complications.
Cyanide poisoning is a rare but highly lethal condition causing acute anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, primarily targeting the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex while sparing the hippocampi. Imaging typically reveals bilateral necrosis in the striatum and sensorimotor cortex with high mortality and potential chronic movement disorders.
Overview Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising from the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The vast majority of cervical cancers are squamous cell...
## Chiari 1 Malformation ### Overview Chiari 1 malformation is a congenital neurological condition characterized by the caudal displacement of the cerebellar ...
Renal angiomyolipomas (AML) are benign renal tumors composed of blood vessels, smooth muscle, and fat, commonly associated with tuberous sclerosis. They can cause spontaneous hemorrhage, particularly when larger than 4 cm, and are typically diagnosed by imaging detection of macroscopic fat.
Urothelial carcinoma is the primary malignancy of the urinary tract, most commonly occurring in the bladder and characterized by a high rate of recurrence due to field effects.
Pituitary macroadenomas are benign tumors of the pituitary gland measuring 10 mm or more, often causing visual deficits via optic chiasm compression or hormonal imbalances. MRI is the gold standard for evaluating tumor size, signal characteristics, and potential invasion into the cavernous sinuses.
Papillary craniopharyngioma is a WHO grade 1 tumor of the pituitary region, typically presenting as a predominantly solid mass in adults, distinct from adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. It commonly occurs between ages 40–60 and shows characteristic MRI and genetic features, including BRAF V600E mutations.
Toxic leukoencephalopathy is a white matter-predominant brain disorder caused by toxic exposure, with variable clinical presentation and potentially reversible MRI findings. Acute cases, especially those related to opiates, may have worse outcomes.
Hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders encompass a wide range of conditions frequently encountered in radiological practice, including portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic vein pathologies.
Khớp gối là khớp phức tạp nhất cơ thể, giữ vai trò trọng yếu trong việc truyền tải lực và vận động. **Cộng hưởng từ (MRI)** hiện là phương thức chẩn đ
Overview Aortic dissection (AD) is a life-threatening vascular emergency characterized by a tear in the intimal layer of the aortic wall, allowing blood to enter the media and create a false lumen. Th...
Fetal bradycardia refers to an abnormally low fetal heart rate, often indicating a poor prognosis, especially when sustained below 100 bpm in the first trimester. It can result from various causes including conduction abnormalities, hypoxia, or maternal conditions, and is strongly associated with chromosomal anomalies and congenital heart block.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the most common pancreatic malignancy, accounting for approximately 90% of cases, with a poor prognosis and high mortality. It typically presents in elderly patients and is diagnosed using imaging modalities such as CT and MRI.
Choledochal cysts are rare congenital cystic dilatations of the biliary tree, most commonly diagnosed in children and associated with an increased risk of malignancy. Diagnosis relies on imaging and exclusion of other causes of biliary dilation.
Esophageal cancer is a relatively uncommon tumor that presents with progressive dysphagia. Imaging plays a key role in diagnosis, local and distant staging, and treatment planning.
Aortic dissection is the most common acute aortic syndrome, characterized by a tear in the intima allowing blood to dissect through the media, forming a false lumen. It is diagnosed primarily with CTA and classified by Stanford or DeBakey systems, with management depending on type and complications.
Brain metastases are a common and challenging intracranial pathology, accounting for 25-50% of brain tumors in hospitalized patients. They typically arise at the grey-white matter junction and can mimic other neurological conditions, requiring careful imaging evaluation.
1. Introduction Liver tumors encompass a diverse spectrum of pathological entities, ranging from common benign incidentalomas to highly aggressive primary and secondary malignancies. The prevalence of...
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common primary malignant renal tumor, typically presenting in patients aged 50-70 with hematuria, flank pain, or as an incidental finding on imaging. It exhibits diverse imaging features and is often diagnosed via CT or MRI, with histological subtypes influencing prognosis.
Overview Myxomas are the most common primary benign neoplasms of the heart, accounting for approximately 50% of all primary cardiac tumors \[7\]. While histologically benign, these tumors are clinical...
Primary cardiac tumors are rare and account for a small proportion of heart-related tumors, with most being metastatic or originating from adjacent structures. They are often detected incidentally and can present with nonspecific symptoms such as dyspnea and chest discomfort.
Gastric cancer, also known as stomach cancer or gastric carcinoma, arises from the gastric mucosa and is the most common malignant tumor of the stomach. Imaging plays a key role in staging, particularly in detecting distant metastatic disease.
Grading of diffuse hepatic steatosis on ultrasound helps assess the extent of fatty liver changes, using visual B-mode criteria (grades I-III) and quantitative CAP measurements (S0-S3). While widely used, these methods have limitations in sensitivity for mild disease and are influenced by multiple clinical factors.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a severe congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by the underdevelopment of left-sided heart structures. It is a leading cause of neonatal heart failure and requires urgent surgical intervention or transplantation.
Viêm mạch não trung ương nguyên phát (PACNS) là bệnh viêm mạch hiếm, chỉ ảnh hưởng tới mạch máu não và tủy sống, gây suy giảm lưu thông và nguy cơ xuất huyết.
Tricuspid atresia is a cyanotic congenital heart defect characterized by absence of the tricuspid valve and a hypoplastic right ventricle, often associated with ASD, VSD, or transposition of the great arteries. Diagnosis is confirmed with imaging, and treatment involves staged surgical repair including the Fontan procedure.
Overview Ileocecal tuberculosis (TB) is a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that predominantly affects the terminal ileum, cecum, and ascending colon, with a predilection for the ileocecal valve reg...
Acromioclavicular joint injuries, commonly known as AC joint injuries, result from trauma and range from mild sprains to complete disruption. They are most frequent in young male athletes and are typically diagnosed using radiographic imaging.
Acute hepatitis is a diffuse hepatocellular injury causing inflammatory changes, primarily diagnosed clinically with non-specific imaging findings. Imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, and MRI help assess complications or exclude other causes.
Overview Acute hepatitis is a diffuse inflammatory process affecting the liver parenchyma, typically resulting from viral infections, toxins, drugs, autoimmune mechanisms, or ischemic injury. It is ch...
Introduction/Overview Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) has emerged as a cornerstone in modern cardiovascular diagnostics, providing a comprehensive, non-invasive, and non-ionizing evaluation o...
The Bosniak classification v2019 is an updated system for categorizing cystic renal masses, improving diagnostic specificity and inter-rater reliability over the 2005 version, with distinct criteria for CT and MRI. It guides clinical management based on malignancy risk, with follow-up or urology consultation recommended for indeterminate or suspicious lesions.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by poor prognosis, heterogeneous appearance on imaging, central necrosis, and irregular enhancement. Diagnosis relies on histopathology and molecular markers such as IDH-wildtype status.
Hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) are benign liver tumors often associated with hormonal factors, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. They carry risks of hemorrhage and malignant transformation, requiring careful imaging evaluation and management based on molecular subtypes.
Bile duct dilatation involves the enlargement of intrahepatic or extrahepatic ducts, often presenting with jaundice and right upper quadrant pain. Ultrasound is the primary modality for assessment, using specific diameter thresholds to identify pathology. / Giãn đường mật bao gồm sự mở rộng của các ống mật trong hoặc ngoài gan, thường biểu hiện bằng vàng da và đau hạ sườn phải. Siêu âm là phương pháp chính để đánh giá, sử dụng các ngưỡng đường kính cụ thể để xác định bệnh lý.
Overview of CT-Derived Fractional Flow Reserve (CT-FFR) Computed Tomography-derived Fractional Flow Reserve (CT-FFR) represents a significant technological advancement in cardiac imaging, bridging the...
The lemon sign is a prenatal imaging finding characterized by frontal bone indentation, classically associated with Chiari 2 malformation and spina bifida. It is typically observed on axial ultrasound or MRI and often resolves after 24 weeks of gestation.
Overview Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe, life-threatening infectious disease characterized by the colonization of the endocardial surface of the heart by microbial agents, most commonly bacte...
The American Fertility Society (AFS) classification, published in 1988, is a seven-class system widely used to categorize congenital Müllerian duct anomalies, including conditions such as septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, and uterine agenesis.
Cerebral edema involves fluid accumulation in the brain's white or grey matter as a response to injury. / Phù não liên quan đến sự tích tụ dịch trong chất trắng hoặc chất xám của não như một phản ứng đối với tổn thương. It is primarily classified into cytotoxic and vasogenic types, which are distinguishable through CT and MRI imaging. / Tình trạng này chủ yếu được phân loại thành phù độc tế bào và phù vận mạch, có thể phân biệt được thông qua hình ảnh CT và MRI.
Gallstones, or cholelithiasis, are concretions most commonly found in the gallbladder and may be asymptomatic or cause biliary colic and complications such as cholecystitis, pancreatitis, and cholangiocarcinoma. Imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, and MRI are key in diagnosis.
1. Overview & History The Revised International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system for cervical carcinoma, updated in 2018, represents a major advancement in the classificat...
Overview Mesenteric ischemia is a life-threatening condition characterized by inadequate blood flow to the intestines, leading to hypoxia, cellular injury, and potentially bowel infarction. It can be ...
Lipohemarthrosis is a condition resulting from intra-articular fractures, where fat and blood escape from bone marrow into the joint space, most commonly seen in the knee. It is best identified on imaging by the presence of a fat-fluid level, known as the fat-blood interface (FBI) sign.
Prostate cancer is the most common primary malignant tumor in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Adenocarcinoma is the predominant histological type, typically arising in the peripheral zone and evaluated using multiparametric MRI, PSA levels, and Gleason scoring.
Lecture in General Radiology
Lecture in General Radiology
Lecture in General Radiology
The patient presented with a disturbed level of consciousness. --- Tiếng Việt --- Bệnh nhân nhập viện với tình trạng rối loạn tri giác.
- **Constipation** for days - **Rectal bleeding** - **Weight loss**: 15 kg over 3 years --- Tiếng Việt --- Táo bón kéo dài nhiều ngày. Chảy máu trực tràng và sụt 15 kg trong vòng 3 năm.
- **Known von Hippel-Lindau disease.** - **Left nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma.** --- Tiếng Việt --- Bệnh von Hippel-Lindau đã biết. Đã cắt bỏ thận trái do ung thư biểu mô tế bào thận (renal cell carcinoma).
- **Pelvic pain**. --- Tiếng Việt --- - Đau vùng chậu.